Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
33 results found
Article
AAST injury scoring scales
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scoring scales are the most widely accepted and used system of classifying and categorizing traumatic injuries. Injury grade reflects severity, guides management, and aids in prognosis. Currently (early 2019), 32 different injury s...
Article
AAST spleen injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale, most recently revised in 2018, is currently the most widely used grading system for splenic trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criter...
Article
Amsterdam criteria for HNPCC
The Amsterdam criteria are used in the diagnosis hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
Amsterdam Criteria I
Initial description in 1991:
> or equal to 3 relatives with colorectal cancer (CRC)
> or equal to 1 case in a first degree relative
> or equal to 2 successive generation...
Article
Balthazar score
The Balthazar score is a subscore within the CT severity index (CTSI) for grading of acute pancreatitis.
The CTSI sums two scores:
Balthazar score: grading of pancreatitis (A-E)
grading the extent of pancreatic necrosis
The Balthazar score was originally used alone, but the addition of a sc...
Article
Bethesda criteria of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
The Bethesda criteria are an alternative to the Amsterdam criteria for the clinical diagnosis of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).
Diagnosis of HNPCC is made if any of the following criteria are fulfilled:
Amsterdam criteria are met
2 or more HNPCC related malignancies
pa...
Article
Choi response criteria
The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...
Article
Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification
This congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification was proposed by Morgan and Superina in 1994 1:
type 1: complete diversion of portal blood into the inferior vena cava with congenital absence of the portal vein
1a: superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein do not join to form a c...
Article
Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification
This congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification was proposed by Park et al. in 1990 1:
type 1: single large vessel of constant diameter connecting the right portal vein to the inferior vena cava
type 2: localized, peripheral shunt with one or more communications in a single hep...
Article
CT colonography reporting and data system
CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS) is a method devised to standardize CT colonography reporting.
Classification
It primarily classifies abnormalities into colonic (C) and extra-colonic (E).
Colonic classification
C0: inadequate study
C1: normal colon/benign lesion: routine s...
Article
CT severity index in acute pancreatitis
The CT severity index (CTSI) is based on findings from an enhanced CT scan to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis. The severity of acute pancreatitis CT findings has been found to correlate well with clinical indices of severity.
The CT severity index sums two scores:
Balthazar score: g...
Article
Degloving injury
Degloving injuries can refer to a number of conditions:
degloving soft tissue injury
Morel-Lavallée lesion (closed degloving soft tissue injury)
intramuscular degloving injury
degloving bowel injury
Article
Duplex appendix
Duplex appendix is a rare anomaly of the appendix and is usually discovered incidentally during surgery for appendicitis.
Epidemiology
Duplication of the vermiform appendix is extremely rare. It is found in only 1 in 25,000 patients (incidence ~0.004%) operated on for acute appendicitis. Altho...
Article
Fukuoka consensus guidelines
Fukuoka consensus guidelines, also referred to as the Tanaka criteria, is a classification system for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs).
The prior international consensus guidelines (2006) were referred to as the Sendai criteria, which later ...
Article
Gastric cancer (TNM staging)
Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 7th edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors.
TNM staging (7th edition)
T
T1
T1a: tumor invades the lamina propria and or muscularis mucosae
T1b: tumor invades submucosa
...
Article
Gastric lymph node stations
The gastric lymph node stations were originally divided into 16 groups, as proposed by the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer in 1963.
Gross anatomy
The stomach regions and their drainage into regional lymph nodes:
cardia and proximal lesser curvature drain into left gastric lymph n...
Article
Hinchey classification of acute diverticulitis
Edward John Hinchey et al. 3 proposed a classification for acute diverticulitis, (anywhere along the bowel, not just the colon) that has been variously adapted, and is useful not only in academia but also in outlining successive stages of severity.
Classification
stage Ia: phlegmon
stage Ib: ...
Article
Ishikawa classification of venous involvement by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Ishikawa classification system describes the degree of involvement of adjacent portal vein and SMV by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on caliber of the vein:
type I: normal
type II: smooth shift/displacement with normal caliber
type III: unilateral narrowing
type IV: bilateral nar...
Article
Krenning score of neuroendocrine tumor uptake
The Krenning score is a proposed semi-quantitative method of assessing the degree of tracer uptake on octreotide scintigraphy.
Parameters
Initially designed for assessment of 111In-DTPA on planar imaging, the Krenning score is applicable to SPECT or PET/CT using various radiopharmaceuticals.
...
Article
Limberg score
Limberg score is a semiquantitative color Doppler ultrasound assessment of the bowel wall vascularity in inflammatory bowel disease.
grade 0: normal bowel wall with no thickening, well-delineated mural stratification, no mural flow (no color Doppler signal)
grade 1: wall thickening (hypoe...
Article
Meandering main pancreatic duct
Meandering main pancreatic duct (MMPD) comprises of a reverse Z-type and loop-type of pancreatic ducts.
These ductal variants are found in ERCP and MRCP studies. The exact incidence is not known.
Increased incidence of meandering pancreatic duct has been reported in patients with idiopathic re...
Article
Modified CT severity index
The modified CT severity index is an extension of the original CT severity index (CTSI) which was developed by Balthazar and colleagues in 1994 for distinguishing mild, moderate and severe forms of acute pancreatitis.
The original CT severity index has been followed internationally and has been...
Article
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix
Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix are epithelial tumors of the appendix that produce mucin. They represent a spectrum of malignant potential, and are the most common cause of pseudomyxoma peritonei.
Pathology
Classification
According to a panel of specialists consensus published in 2016 (Per...
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis (staging)
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) can be staged into three groups, to guide appropriate treatment based on the work of Bell et al. 1. In general, stage I and II are managed medically whereas stage III is managed surgically.
stage I
clinical signs
lethargy, temperature instability, apnea, bradyc...
Article
Esophageal atresia (classification)
Esophageal atresia is closely related to tracheo-esophageal fistula and can be divided into1:
type A: isolated esophageal atresia (8%)
type B: proximal fistula with distal atresia (1%)
type C: proximal atresia with distal fistula (85%)
type D: double fistula with intervening atresia (1%)
ty...
Article
Pancreatic trauma injury grading
A number of pancreatic injury grading systems have been proposed.
Classifications
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST)
grade 1: hematoma with minor contusion/laceration but without duct injury
grade 2: major contusion/laceration but without duct injury
grade 3: distal lacer...
Article
Perianal disease
Perianal disease (also known as anorectal disease) is the collective name given to a group of diseases that primarily affect the anal canal +/- rectum. The disease spectrum ranges from the typically benign, e.g. hemorrhoids, to the potentially more serious, e.g. perianal fistula 1-3.
hemorrhoid...
Article
Ranson criteria
Ranson criteria are useful in assessing prognosis in early acute pancreatitis. The more of the criteria are met the higher the mortality. Ranson criteria are assessed both at admission and at 48 hours.
Criteria
On admission
age: >55 years
white blood count: >16 000/mL
blood glucose level: >...
Article
RASopathy
RASopathies are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode for components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.
Epidemiology
As a group, RASopathies represent one of the most common malformation syndromes, with an in...
Article
Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis
The Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis from 2012 is an international multidisciplinary classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis, updating the 1992 Atlanta classification.
The worldwide consensus aims for an internationally agreed-upon classification of acute pancre...
Article
Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma
The Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma classes these tumors according to their relationship to anatomical landmarks 1. It was initially proposed by Siewert et al in 1996, becoming widely used in predicting lymph node spread and directing optimal management. As of the 7th e...
Article
Terminology of rectal cancer staging
The terminology used in describing the stage and features of rectal cancer staging is based on using abbreviations and prefixes to denote the specific stage identifier, modality of assessment and the patient's position in the treatment journey 1.
Terminology
Abbreviations and letters used in s...
Article
WHO classification of anal canal tumors
The World Health Organization classifies anal canal neoplasms into intraepithelial neoplasms and invasive neoplasms which are further divided to epithelial and non-epithelial tumors and secondary lesions:
Epithelial tumors
squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal
adenocarcinoma of anal canal
mu...
Article
WHO classification of anal margin tumors
The WHO classification of anal margin tumors or perianal skin tumors is:
intraepithelial tumors
Bowen disease (precursor of squamous cell carcinoma)
Paget disease (precursor of adenocarcinoma)
invasive tumors
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
verrucous carcinom...